As nanotechnology progresses in interdisciplinary fields, it has made breakthroughs in the field of pest control, which lays the foundation for reducing application and increasing efficiency of pesticides to achieve green pest control. This paper summarizes the application methods, modes of action, and advantages of nanopesticides, as well as the looks ahead the development trend of nanotechnology in pest control. The limitations of nanopesticide research are also presented. It provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for efficient and green pest control using the emerging nanotechnology.

Objective To research the serial toxic effects of 0.05% fipronil cockroach gel bait on adults and nymphs of Blattella germanica. Methods This experiment used pipette to offer insecticide in the first efficacy experiment; and the serial toxic effect experiment was conducted using the dead insect of last serial toxic effect experiment to feed the cockroach. Results The first to fourth secondary effects of tested insecticide on adults reached 100%, the fifth secondary effects from the remains amounted to 78.3%. Against nymphs, however, only the first two secondary effects reached 100%, the third and fourth mortality were only 48.3% and 15.0%. The results indicated that 0.05% fipronil cockroach gel bait can continuously controlB. germanica effectively and it was more effectively on adults than on nymphs. Conclusion Fipronil has a good serial toxic effect on B. germanica.

Objective Examine the effect of used feed by Periplaneta americana on feeding behavior of Blattella germanica to explore causes of B. germanica displacing P. americana. Methods Feeding amount, shape and Y-tube olfactometer experiments. Results Blattella germanica prefered P. americana used feed(feed B), 33.48 times of fresh mouse feed(feed A)(P<0.05)through 2-12 d by feeding amount experiment; During 14-26 d,feeding amount of two feeds were similar(P>0.05); while during 28-36 d, Blattella germanica preferred feed A 3.02 times more than feed B (P<0.05). In Y-tube lactometer experiment, all B. germanica selected the feed B. And the shape experiment indicated that the shape didn't affect the feed amount of B. germanica(P>0.05). Conclusion The quick adaption of B. germanica to P. americana used feed improve their chance of survival.

Objective To learn feeding rate of Microtus fortis calamorum to carex alone and to enrich the ecological knowledge of M. fortis. Methods Fifteen female and male adult individuals with similar weight and health and without injury or pregnancy, were raised separately in plastic cages measured 37 cm×27 cm×17 cm. The subjects were allowed to feed on carex ad libitum for 7 d, then their weight, intake rate, and metabolic rate were measured and analyzed. Results The average weight of adult female voles decreased from(84.23±15.29) g to(48.03±6.47) g, while the average weight adult male voles increased from(58.48±3.22) g to(68.70±10.95) g after 7 d. The feeding rate and metabolic rate of adult males were(0.06±0.04)%, lower than feeding rate(0.08±0.05)% and metabolic rate(0.09±0.05)% in adult females. However, the differences were insignificant(P>0.05) although both numerical values of the females were higher than those of the males. Conclusion It implies that carex alone cannot meet the nutritional needs of adult M. fortis, and the requirement of nutrition of the adult females is higher than that of the males.

Rodents threaten human health and well-being seriously. Physical and chemical means can reduce the population of rodents within a short time, but long-term, sustainable measures are needed to suppress rodent populations. As a safe, long-acting, eco-friendly and economical mean of deratization, environment control measures can keep rodent population low for a long time by eliminating or reducing food and water resources, as well as available shelters through environmental management and rat-proof construction. At present, measures of environment control have made remarkable achievement in deratization of different places.

Objective To analyze epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of Plasmodium falciparum of Yandao rubber plant village, Gangao town, Nanpai zone of Mengbo county in the border areas of Myanmar, providing evidences for making effective control measurements to prevent P. falciparum cases import from frontier. Methods In the focus (Yandao rubber plant village), 23 households were checked by door to door in 30th Jun, 2014, malaria clinic case was investigated by epidemic case investigation in, malaria suspected case was tested by malaria rapid diagnosis test strips and microscope, and malaria vector was collected by lamp-traps. Results Total of 88 persons were tested, of those 65 P. falciparum positives were found by malaria rapid diagnosis test strips and 37 positives for microscope test; the ratio of gender was 1 (male):1.17 (female); the aged groups were ranged at 0-70 years old with the youngest 0.3 years old and the oldest 70 years old, 2 death cases;total of 111 individuals of 5 Anopheles species, of those 9 Anopheles minimus and 25 Anopheles sinensis were collected. The epidemic was controlled effectively by 65 P. falciparum cases standard treatment with Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine Phosphate, indoor insecticide residual spray with beta cyfluthrin and the other control measurements. Conclusion This epidemic belonged to an outbreak caused by P. falciparum in the border areas of Myanmar, above results suggested that the timely detection of outbreak and epidemic treatment would be strengthened in the border areas of Myanmar, in order to prevent the spread of the epidemic.

Objective To better understand the molecular epidemiological characteristics of emerging spotted fever group Rickettsiae and Anaplasma phagocytophilum identified in Hebei province. Methods One hundred and one clinical probable cases of typhus were collected from Xinji city, Qianan city and Dingzhou city, Hebei province during 2009-2012 and 101 acute stage and 17 convalescence blood samples were collected. Sera separated from blood were used for detecting the IgM and IgG antibodies against Rickettsiae prowazekii, R. typhi, R. felis, Bartonella henselae, Orientia tsutsugamushi, R. heilongjiangensis, R. sibirica, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Coxiella burnetii, Chinese spotted fever group rickettsia Hainan-1 and Chinese A. phagocytophilum strain CZ-HGA-2 and LZ-HGA-3, respectively. Two sets of nested PCR, which targeting the A. phagocytophilum 16S rRNA gene and spotted fever group rickettsiae groEL gene respectively, were conducted using the acute stage blood DNAs of patients as temples. Sequences were analyzed by DNAStar MegAlign. Results PCR positive rates were 10.9%(11/101)for amplifying groEL gene and two genetic groups of spotted fever group rickettsiae were identified. Although the sequence analysis failed to differentia the emerging spotted fever group rickettsiae from traditional ones because of limited PCR fragments, the sera from the patients with positive PCR did not reactive with the R. heilongjiangensis, R. sibirica, R. felis, and Chinese spotted fever group ricketsia Hainan-1, which indicated that the emerging spotted fever group rickettsiae might be prevalence in these areas. PCR positive rates of A. phagocytophilum were 8.9% (9/101) and all of the 9 patients with positive PCR were found to be positive of the IgM antibodies against A. phagocytophilum and 3 patients had IgG seroconversation (4-fold increase of IgG antibody titer). The 9 sequences of the 16S rRNA genes of A. phagocytophilum were not only 100% identity with each other but 100% identity with the local A. phagocytophilum strain CZ-HGA-2. Conclusion Emerging tick-borne rickettsiae were highly prevalence in Hebei province and further etiological investigations were urgently needed.

Objective To investigate the species, host, distribution and status of tick-borne pathogens in Jinan city. Methods The parasitic ticks were collected from the host skin by hand or tweezers and the free ticks were collected manually with white cloth from the grassland or shrubbery. Collected ticks were classified and tested for tick-borne pathogens. Results There were 614 and 108 ticks collected on 6 hosts and in 2 types of environment, respectively. Collected ticks were Haemaphysalis longicornis. There were 596 ticks collected on goats with proportion of 97.1%. About 53.3% goats carried with ticks and the average number of ticks per goat was about 6.7. The results were positive in RNA detection of new bunyavirus in 3 groups of tick and positive of rickettsia in one group. Positive ticks were collected from goats. Conclusion The dominant tick species was H. longicornis in Shandong province. The dominant host animal was goats raised outside. Some ticks may carry bunyavirus and rickettsia.

Objective To investigate the diet of striped hamster (Cricetulus barabensis) and its dynamic changes, and to provide a theoretical foundation for the development of scientific control measures and sustainable management strategy. Methods Killing-trap method was used monthly to capture C. barabensis in the Hunshandake desert in Inner Mongolia, China. The diet of trapped striped hamsters was analyzed by identification of the seeds stored in the cheek pouches and stomach of each individual. The diet of C. barabensis was studied in Inner Mongolia Research Station. Results The seeds of sandy plants contributed to more than 55% of the food items of C. barabensis. Cricetulus barabensis also took leaves and stems of plants. Cricetulus barabensis stored a large number of insects during certain months when insect resources were abundant. Conclusion Plant seeds are the main diet of desert hamsters. The food composition of C. barabensis changes with the maturation of plants and reservoir of seed resources.

Objective To investigate the community structure and population density of rodents in the Naqu grassland along Qinghai Tibet Railway, Tibet, China and to prevent the invasion of rodents and prevalence of plague along the Qinghai Tibet Railway. Methods The trap-day method was used to investigate the grassland of Naqu county, Anduo county, Bange county, Nierong county, Biru county, and Jiali county along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the river grassland of Anduo county, and the revetment and farmhouses along Qinghai Tibet Railway in Xiangmao village of Naqu county. Results A total of 1828 traps were recovered from the grassland, and 145 rodents, as well as 53 incomplete carcasses of rodents, were captured; the capture rate was 10.83%. Two species of rodents were captured in the grassland; another 2 species were captured in the river grassland, and 1 species was observed. In the grassland, plateau pika was the dominant species, followed by small numbers of Cricetulus longicaudatus, Phaiomys leucurus, and Marmota himalayana. One species of plateau pika, as well as an incomplete arcasses of rodent, was captured in the railway revetment. A total of 286 effective traps were placed in the farmhouses, and 20 rodents were captured. Mus musculus and P. leucurus were the main rodent pests in the farmhouses along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. In the grassland, the capture rate was the highest in Naqu county in July, reaching up to 30.32%. Conclusion Plateau pika is the dominant species in the Naqu grassland along Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and M. musculus is the dominant species in the farmhouses in Xiangmao village of Naqu county. No Rattus norvegicus and R. tanezumi are found in Naqu area. Surveillance should be enhanced to prevent the invasion of rodents along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway; measures should be taken to control rodents where their population density is high.

Objective To investigate the community compositions and population densities of rodents in the rural areas along Qinghai-Tibet Railway inside Qinghai province, China and to prevent the migration of rodent pests between Tibet and the outside regions along the Qinghai- Tibet Railway and the transmission of rodent- borne diseases such as plague along this railway. Methods Trap-at-night method was used in the farmlands and farmhouses in Huangyuan county, Haiyan county, Gangcha county, Wulan county, Delingha city, and Geermu city along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway inside Qinghai province. Results In the farmlands, 2377 snap traps were used; 129 rodents (8 species) were captured, and 1 residual body of rodent was collected; Mus musculus, Cricetulus longicaudatus, and Microtus limnophilus were the dominant species. In the farmhouses, 760 snap traps were used; 38 rodents were captured, and 1 residual body of rodent was collected; M. musculus and Rattus tanezumi were the dominant species. In the farmlands, the rodent density was the highest in Wulan county (12.45%) in August 2010; in the farmhouses, the rodent density was the highest in Delingha city (12.77%) in August 2010. Conclusion There are settled populations of R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi in Geermu city and settled population of R. tanezumi in Huangyuan county. Surveillance should be enhanced to prevent migration of these rodents into Tibet along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. Control measures should be taken where the rodent densities are high.

Objective To surveil the population distribution and density fluctuation of the main vectors in Shenzhen Universiade venues from 2010 to 2011, and to provide a scientific basis for controlling vectors. Methods The CO ₂ light trap was used for the surveillance of adult mosquitoes, the mosq-ovitrap for Aedes albopictus, the cage for flies and rats, and sticky board for cockroaches. Results Culex pipiens pallens was the dominant species of mosquitoes caught in Shenzhen Universiade venues, accounting for 89.47% (476/532), and Ae. albopictus accounted for 9.96% of all caught mosquitoes. The dominant species of caught flies was Chrysomya megacephala (37.83%, 2428/6419), followed by Lucilia cuprina (19.16%, 1230/6419), and Boettcherisca peregrina (17.36%, 1114/6419). Rattus norvegicus was the dominant species of caught rats, accounting for 88.37% (38/43). Blattella germanica was the dominant species of caught cockroaches, accounting for 97.15% (477/491). Compared with the data obtained in 2010, the densities of main vectors decreased significantly in 2011. During the Universiade held in Shenzhen, the densities of main vectors were kept at low levels. The density of adult mosquitoes decreased by 20.55%, and the mosquito and oviposition positive index of Ae. albopictus decreased by 77.70%, and the densities of flies, rats, and cockroaches decreased by 91.29%, 44.38%, and 73.10%, respectively. Conclusion Surveillance and control significantly decreased the densities of the main vectors in Shenzhen Universiade venues and prevented the adverse effects of vectors during Universiade.

With the social progress and economic development, people’s awareness of health and environmental protection consciousness strengthens gradually, which causes more and more need of highly hygienic insecticide. Meanwhile, the shortcoming of chemical compounds becomes increasingly critical. Botanical insecticide, microbial insecticide and insect regulators have become dominant research directions. According to the latest achievements of the 3 kinds of insecticides in vector control field, we introduced systematically their active ingredients, target pests, mode of action, the public health insecticides registered in China and their research status. The developing direction of hygienic insecticides in China was suggested as well.

Objective To identify the eclosion time of Culex pipiens pallens and Aedes albopictus for best getting the experimental females. Methods Rearing Cx. pipiens pallens and Ae. albopictus with standard rearing technique and study on numbers of females and males at different time of eclosion. Results The peak of adult emergence occured at 2nd and 3rd day after eclosion and most adults emergenced within 4 days. Adults was predominantly male about 2 d prior to adult eclosion. Two days later, females were the main part of emergenced adults. After all adults emergenced, gender ratio was close to 1:1. Conclusion Taking adults emergencing at 3-4 day will obtain high ratio of females which as materials for pesticide registration could meet the needs of experiment.

Objective To investigate the resistance dynamics of Musca domestica in the 26 years in Jinan city for the development of its control strategies. Methods The micro-drop method was used for bioassay of M. domestica collected in different years in different parts of the city to determine its resistance status and trends. Insecticides dissolved in acetone were applied topically on the thoracic notum of female adults. Results M. domestica in Jinan city and surrounding area in 1982 were susceptible to conventional pyrethrin chemicals. However, 26 years later, the susceptibility of M. domestica to conventional pyrethrin chemicals decreased to varying degrees. Compared with the susceptible strain, the resistance of field housefly to deltamethrn and to bata-cypermethrinwas was 75.00-211.67 and 25.52-116.21 folds in 2008 respectively, indicating that the degree of housefly resistance was at a medium or high level. Conclusion The resistance of M. domestica to pyrethrin chemicals in Jinan and the surrounding areas has developed to varying degrees. Strategies for the control of resistance should be developed based on the local conditions.

Objective To determine food composition and utilization of migratoryreed vole (Microtus fortis) inhabiting the Dongting Lake area during summer months. Methods The night trapping method was used to catch reed voles. Their gastric contents were analyzed using the microhistological identification to determine contents and food composition. Results Voles in the area primarily fed on leaves and stems of herbaceous plants, and occasionally seeds and bark. Their main diet consisted of Cynodon dactylon, Imperata cylindrical, and Xanthium sibiricum which accounted for 17.93%, 11.44%, 13.50% of recognizable stomach contents, respectively. Conclusion M. fortis in the Dongting Lake area fed on a variety of plants, indicating great capabilities to adapt to diverse environments.

Objective To determine the efficacy and feasibility of synthetic amorphous silica against Dermanyssus gallinae. Methods Forced contact tests were used in accordance with GB/T 13917.1-2009. Results The 3% synthetic amorphous silica was painted on three types of board at 6 g a.i/m². For cement boards, the 24 h mortality was 100% and the residual efficacy lasted about 45 days; for silicate glass cotton board, the 24 h mortality was 100% and the residual efficacy lasted about 90 days; and for alkyd resin varnish boards, the 48 h mortality was 100% and the residual efficacy lasted about 60 days. Conclusion Synthetic amorphous silica was effective in the control of D. gallinae.

Objective To develop standard laboratory rearing techniques for Aedes albopictus in order to provide consistent, quality, standardized testing insects for use in pesticide experiments. Methods Using standard rearing techniques, the mosquitoes were bred under controlled rearing conditions. The reliability of multiregional rearing was examined based on the weight of female adults 3 days after eclosion from three batches of mosquitoes. Results All three batches resulting from standard rearing techniques yielded qualified Ae. albopictus based on the average weight, with high repeatability and low relative deviation (8.28%) of weights. As shown from the average weights of mosquitoes bred using different dietary formulas, all three approaches were applicable to different regions and the relative deviation was low (7.69%). Conclusion The rearing technique was repeatable and effective in developing weight-uniform Ae. albopictus for pesticide experiments.

Objective To explore the test methods for ant bites and to determine the killing effect of imidacloprid baits against Monomorrium pharaonis. Methods Laboratory test, simulated field test and field test were carried out. Results The LT50 value of 0.03% imidacloprid baits for M. pharaonis was 21.10 h, with a 7 d mortality of 100%. In the simulated field test, all of 4 queen ants were killed at day 5, while 100% of ergates died at day 6. In the field test, the density of M. pharaonis reduced to 98.42% at the 14 day. Conclusion Using M. pharaonis as the subject, the laboratory and simulated field test were applicable for ant baits, and 0.03% imidacloprid baits had favorable killing effect against M. pharaonis, which could be used for residential termite control.

【Abstract】 Objective To study Calyptratae fauna in Heng Mountain Range of Shanxi province. Methods Entomological classification principles and methods were used in this study. Results There were 154 species, belonging to 6 families and 63 genus, including 9 specific species which accounted for  5.84%. The catalogue of Calyptratae in this region were provided. Conclusion The characteristics of Calyptratae fauna in Palaearctic is the main characteristics in Heng Mountain Range of Shanxi province.

【Abstract】 Objective To study the evaluation methods of larvicides registration and field test. Methods Larvae were collected from breeding sites in the external environment or adult mosquitoes were trapped to oviposit in man-made areas. Results  The relative population index (RPI) of larvae from breeding sites was under 5 after treatment by 1% temephos granules for 4 weeks, which had a good control effect. RPI of larvae from wasted tyres was also less than 5 after treatment for 4 weeks, while it was under 10 after treatment for 3 weeks in cement pool. Conclusion The field control effect and registration of quick-acting insecticides could be evaluated by the above mentioned two methods.

Objective To study the evaluation methods of larvicides registration and field test.Methods Larvae were collected from breeding sites in the external environment or adult mosquitoes were trapped to oviposit in man-made areas.Results The relative population index(RPI)of larvae from breeding sites was under 5 after treatment by 1%temephos granules for 4 weeks,which had a good control effect.RPI of larvae from wasted tyres was also less than 5 after treatment for 4 weeks,while it was under 10 after treatment for 3 weeks in cement pool.Conclusion The field control effect and registration of quick-acting insecticides could be evaluated by the above mentioned two methods.

Objective To find the baits that the Yangtze vole ( Microtus fortis) likes to eat to confect poisonous baits, and strengthen control capability for M.fortis in the Dongting Lake region. Methods To compare the edibility of voles to watermelon, tomato, pear, apple, potato and pumpkin when rice acts as control, and to compare their edibility with other melon and fruit baits when watermelon, tomato, pear and apple act as control. Results The edibility coefficients of voles feeding watermelon, tomato, apple, pear, potato were 4.73, 4.15, 3.40, 3.28 and 1.85 respectively, which were superior to that of rice. Of which, the palatability of former 4 baits was the best, and its edibility coefficients of watermelon, tomato, pear, apple exceeded 3.00. In the test of melon and fruit baits as control, the palatability of watermelon, tomato, pear and apple was also the best, and that of pumpkin was the worst which edibility coefficient was less than 0.30. Conclusion The test indicated that the melon and fruit full with water could be used to make poisonous bait to control the voles.

Objective To learn about the sensitivity of the Yangtze vole ( Microtus fortis) to warfarin, and control efficiently its damage. Methods The voles were captured on the lake bank or the beach nearby and divided into 5 groups which was provided wafarin baits for 1 d, 2 d, 4 d, 6 d and 8 d respectively. The relation of the feeding period and the mortality was observed and analyzed, and the sexual differentiation was compared. Results There is no significant difference between male and female voles, and the evaluated values of LFP ₅₀, LFP ₉₈, LFP ₉₉ (with 95% confidence interval) were 2.51(2.24-2.81)d, 25.08(21.76-28.91)d and 29.37(25.25-34.17)d respectively. Conclusion It was suggested the vole had resistance to warfarin if they still survived after feeding on 0.002% warfarin for 29 d or 30 d.

Objective The Yangtze vole( Microtus fortis) was one of the main pest rodents in the Dongting Lake region.The voles moved into farmland during the flooded season every year.To control the rodent pest,the toxicity of anticoagulant rodenticides to the Yangtze vole was compared.Methods The voles were captured in the lake beach and divided into 5 groups for each kinds of rodenticide and provided 5 g,10 g,20 g,40 g,60 g anticoagulant rodenticide bait respectively.Results The results showed that 80% voles died by fed with the anticoagulant rodenticide bait,such as sodium diphacinone,No.2 Teshashu,coumatetralyl,bromadiolone,brodifacoum.The peak of vole died was in 2-6 days.Conclusion The anticoagulant rodenticides,especially No.2 Teshashu and brodifacoum,could be used to control the voles in Dongting Lake region.

Objective To investigate the four pests(rat,mosquito,housefly and cockroach) ecologic environment by planned construction of residential quarter of Shalco.Methods To compare the pros and cons of four pests' ecologic environment by planned construction of residential quarter.Results The four pests' ecologic environment has been at a great deal destroyed due to the following facts:demolishment of 122 sets of single-storey house,blocking 166 passageways of building apartment,setting up markets of agricultural products and foodstuff in residential quarter and then clearing away the pedlars at roadsides,dredging ditches,cleaning up street corners and lanes,removing constructional dump in front of the building,etc.The integration of the supplying warm wind,thermal island effect and green house effect brought about a density peak of flies and mosquitoes and cockroach in March and April.Large-scale plantation resulted in the increase in grass land mosquito density.Conclusion The rectifying scheme of destroying four pests' ecologic environment should be put into the designing of the residential quarter.And leaders' attention and every variety of fund is the basic guarantee.The direction of disinfecting and control by chemical drug should be adjusted after the environment change,meanwhile,control of mosquito and housefly and cockroach in winter should also be strengthened especially.